Bullying can take different forms. It could include:

• physical bullying: hitting, slapping or pushing someone
• verbal bullying: name calling, gossiping or threatening someone
• non-verbal abuse: hand signs or text messages
• emotional abuse: threatening, intimidating or humiliating someone
• exclusion: ignoring or isolating someone
• undermining, constant criticism or spreading rumours
• controlling or manipulative behaviour
• making silent, hoax or abusive calls.

The following types of bullying are also hate crimes:

• racial, sexual, transphobic or homophobic bullying
• bullying someone because they have a disability.

Cyberbullying can include:

• sending threatening or abusive text messages
• creating and sharing embarrassing images or videos
• trolling – the sending of menacing or upsetting messages on social networks, chat rooms or online games
• excluding children from online games, activities or friendship groups
• shaming someone online
• setting up hate sites or groups about a particular child
• encouraging young people to self-harm
• voting for or against someone in an abusive poll
• creating fake accounts, hijacking or stealing online identities to embarrass a young person or cause trouble using their name
• sending explicit messages, also known as sexting
• pressuring children into sending sexual images or engaging in sexual conversations.

You can find out more about cyberbullying on our Online Abuse page.

If you suspect your child is being bullied, explain to them what bullying is, and ask if anything like that has happened to them. Keep calm, and listen carefully to what they say.

They may feel really scared, embarrassed or ashamed that they’re being bullied, and they may be worried about what will happen if they tell anyone.

Once you know your child is being bullied, remember to check in with them regularly. Remind them that they can talk to you about how they’re feeling whenever they want.

Not sure how to start the conversation? Check out our advice on talking about difficult topics.

If they don’t want to talk to you, suggest they have a chat with another trusted adult, such as a teacher or family member.

You could also suggest they contact Childline, where a trained counsellor will provide a listening ear.

They don’t have to give their name and they can talk about anything that’s worrying them.

Children and young people may lack confidence as a result of bullying. Help them find things to do that make them feel good, like listening to, or playing, music, or doing sport. Give them opportunities to help build their confidence.

Remember to reassure them that it’s not their fault and that they’re loved and valued.

As well as supporting your child emotionally, there are practical steps you can take if the bullying has taken place on an online platform, such as a social media app or online gaming chat room.

• Don’t stop them from using the internet or their mobile phone. It probably won’t help keep them safe, it may feel like they’re being punished and could stop them from telling you what’s happening.
• Make sure your child knows how to block anyone who posts hateful or abusive things about them on each app or online service they use. You can usually find details of how to do this in the help or online safety area, under Settings.
• Report anyone who is bullying your child to the platform that’s carried the offending comments, audio, image or video. Follow these links to contact some of the most popular social media platforms and learn more about blocking and reporting: 
  Instagram> Snapchat> 
  WhatsApp> Facebook> 
  Skype>
• Thinkuknow has advice on online safety for young people that’s suitable for different age groups. The website shows children how to contact social media sites if they believe someone has posted something upsetting about them.
• Worried about how to support a young person who has had a sexual image or video of themselves shared online? If they’re under 18, they can use Childline and the Internet Watch Foundation's discreet Report Remove tool to see if it can be taken down. Young people can get support from Childline throughout the process.

Get in contact with the site the video's been shared on as soon as possible. Social networks are more likely to take the video down if the child involved in the video or their parents make the report. Depending on their terms and conditions, they may be able to remove it from the site.

Bullying someone because of their gender, gender identity, sexuality, religious beliefs, race, skin colour or because they have a disability, is hate crime and against the law.

If this is happening to your child or a child you know, you or the child can report it online. You or your child can also contact the police by phone. Call 999 in an emergency or 101 at other times.

Citizen's Advice has further information about types of hate crime and discrimination you may find helpful. Children and young people can get advice and support from Childline. 

If your child is being bullied, you can talk to their school. It doesn't matter whether the bullying is happening on the premises, outside or on the internet. All schools have a responsibility to protect their pupils from bullying.

If your child is being bullied at a club, talk to the person in charge.

Arrange a meeting with their teacher

• Take another person along with you for support if you feel it will help you.
• Take a notebook so you can jot down what’s said at the meeting.
• Bring any evidence you have of the bullying, such as text messages, a record of incidents, or screenshots if the bullying is happening online.
• Tell them what effect the bullying is having on your child, and make it clear you expect them to respond.
• Ask for a copy of the school or club’s anti-bullying policy, behaviour policy and complaints procedure. These may be available to you before the meeting on the school or club’s website.
• Ask the teacher or organiser what action they’re going to take, making sure you all agree on what they propose to do.
• Arrange a date to speak to them again so you can see what progress has been made.
• The school may inform the Police if the bullying involves ongoing harassment and intimidation, or a hate crime, such as racism or homophobia.

If the bullying continues

Write a letter of complaint to the head teacher and arrange to meet them to discuss your concerns.

Continue to keep a record of incidents with as much information as you can including:

• photographs of any physical injuries or damaged property
• the date, location and approximate time of each incident
• any contact (letters, emails etc) you’ve had with the school.

If that doesn’t resolve it, you will need to follow different advice depending on the type of school your child goes to.

If your child goes to a maintained/state school
Write to the chair of governors at the school address. The school office will be able to provide you with the chair’s name if it’s not on the school website.

Explain the situation and include copies of letters between you and the school, as well as any evidence of the bullying.

If the bullying still isn’t dealt with, you can then make a formal complaint to the Local Education Authority (LEA) in the area where the child goes to school.

If your child goes to a Free school or Academy
If you’re unhappy with the head teacher’s response, the academy or free school should organise a hearing with a panel made up of at least 3 people not involved in the complaint.

For further advice contact the Department for Education.

If your child goes to an independent/private school
Write to the chair of governors at the school address. The school office will be able to provide you with the chair’s name if it’s not on the school website.

Explain the situation and include copies of letters between you and the school, as well as any evidence you have of the bullying.

If the bullying continues, a complaint can be made to the Department for Education, which can consider reports of a major failure to ensure a child’s safety.

• Explain to your child how bullying can make people feel. Childline has lots of great advice specially designed for children and young people.
• Let them know that what they’re doing is unacceptable. Children and young people don’t always realise what they’re doing is bullying, or understand how much their actions have hurt someone.
• Help them realise how what they’ve done will have affected the other person. You could ask them how they think the other child is feeling, and to remember how they’ve felt when someone has said or done something unkind to them.
• Explain what you’re going to do next, such as telling their school, and what you expect your child to do now.
• Ask them whether they have any questions about why their actions need to change.
• Monitor your child's behaviour and have ongoing conversations with them about how they treat others. Praise them when they show positive behaviours, but don't be afraid to reinforce expectations too.